Lauren Gonzalez, 25, landed in Rome this week with four high school and college friends for a 16-day tour of the Italian capital, Florence and the coast, after three years of vacationing only in the United States. They say they are not troubled by high prices or crowds.
Americans seem equally unfazed by the recent riots in Paris and other French cities. There was a small drop in flight bookings, but it was mainly for domestic travel.
The upturn is a blessing for hotels and restaurants after the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, but there is also a downside: promises to rethink tourism and make it more sustainable were largely overlooked.
The mayor of Florence has blocked the proliferation of new flats for short-term rentals in the historic centre, which is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site, while mayors of other art cities in Italy are calling for a national law to manage the sector.
Elsewhere, anti-mass tourism measures that were active before the pandemic have not reappeared, but battle lines are still being drawn: graffiti has appeared in Barcelona to lure tourists away from Park Güell, rather than towards the Gaudí-designed site.
Despite predictable centres of overtourism, overall travel to and within Europe is still 10% below 2019 costs, according to the World Tourism Organization. That's partly because fewer people are visiting countries close to the war in Ukraine, including Lithuania, Finland, Moldova and Poland.
In addition, Chinese visitors have not fully returned. Flights from China and other Asia-Pacific countries are down 45% from 2019, according to travel data firm ForwardKeys.
Tourism-dependent Greece is expecting 30 million visitors this year, still below 2019's record 34 million. However, the number of flights has risen so far, with the most touristy sites bearing the brunt.
Venice has delayed plans to charge "walk-in, walk-out" visitors a fee to enter the city, with the intention of curbing arrivals. But activists like Salerno warn that this will do little to solve the problem of a declining population and tourist invasion, and will instead cement Venice's destiny as a "theme park".
